Chapters 37 to 57 of 1 Enoch are the first two of its three Parables: visions of the dwellings of the righteous and the secrets of heaven, and of figures given titles — the Righteous One, the Elect One, His Anointed, and, from 46:2, a Son of Man who walks with the Head of Days. In Charles’s English that is the title of Daniel 7:13 and of the Gospels. On this disk these chapters exist only in Geʻez and in translation, and in Geʻez it is not: all four Son-of-Man verses here read walda sabʾ, while the Ethiopic Daniel 7:13, the Ethiopic Psalter at Psalm 79 and the Gospel verses checked for this page read walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw — a wording 1 Enoch does not use until 62:7. Charles noticed in 1912; recounted here, his list holds at every place but one, and at that one his own note gives Dillmann’s reading as a variant. Measured in Geʻez, these chapters also turn out to speak an idiom of their own: their wording runs deep into the Third Parable and hardly anywhere else. It is not Scripture for us: 1 Enoch is read here as a Second-Temple witness, and tested by the canon. See the method →
1 Enoch is a collection of Second-Temple Jewish writings in Enoch’s name — the Watchers, the Parables, an astronomical book, dream visions and an epistle — complete on this disk only in Geʻez, with Greek and Aramaic for parts of it, though not for these chapters. Jude 14 names Enoch, the seventh from Adam, and introduces the words that follow as his prophecy (1 Enoch 1:9, studied on the first page of this series). That is what Jude’s text does; it does not make 1 Enoch Scripture, and this page argues neither way beyond it. We read 1 Enoch as we read the other Second-Temple books — as a window on how Israel’s Scriptures were being read before Christ — critically, gratefully for the light it throws, and testing everything by the canon. Where it carries what the canon does not — four named presences, chained hosts of Azazel, six mountains of metal — this page reports it and does not adopt it.
⚠️ What this page can and cannot measure — read this first.
HELD: Charles’s English 1 Enoch (1,063 verses); Dillmann’s Geʻez 1 Enoch (1,062 rows, printable in short phrases); the modern EOTC printed text inside Beta masaheft’s file (measurement only); Dillmann’s Geʻez Genesis to Deuteronomy (5,797 rows); VanderKam’s Geʻez Jubilees (1,308 rows, measurement only); the Masoretic text, the CATSS Greek Old Testament and the SBLGNT; and, fetched for this page, Ludolf’s Geʻez Psalms 2 and 79 as digitised text, and page images of Löfgren’s Geʻez Daniel (pp. 50–51) and of Platt’s Geʻez Gospels at three verses, read by eye.
NOT HELD: any Greek, Latin or Aramaic of chapters 37–71; Charles’s own Ethiopic text (1906), which his English translates; any Ethiopic manuscript, or Dillmann’s apparatus; a Geʻez text of Ezekiel, of Isaiah, or of any New Testament book beyond the three Gospel pages read.
CONSEQUENCE: the Greek New Testament screen cannot run — there is no Greek of these chapters to run it with — so every New Testament connection on this page is named, never measured. The word screens that do run are Geʻez against Geʻez. English is never run against anything.
1 Enoch 37:1–57:3 — eighteen verses, each with what was measured
English: R. H. Charles (1912; SPCK 1917) · Geʻez: Dillmann (1851), short phrasesThe book’s own count: three parables. The Geʻez word for parable, ምሳሌ, stands in these chapters at 37:5 (the announcement of three), 38:1, 45:1 and 57:3 — the markers that open the First Parable, open the Second and close it — and in the rest of the book only at 58:1, 68:1 and 69:29. The numeral is glued to the word, as digitised.
The first title: the Righteous One, singular ጻድቅ. It returns joined to the second title at 53:6, ያስተርኢ ፡ ጻድቅ ፡ ወኅሩይ, the Righteous and Elect One shall cause to appear (the house of his congregation follows, as Charles’s English reads it). The verse ends “It had been good for them if they had not been born” — set beside Mark 14:21 and Matthew 26:24 in Stage 4, named and not measured.
Charles’s English has the Elect One here; both Geʻez texts held do not. Dillmann’s reads mine eyes saw the place of the elect (plural) — and so does the EOTC printed text, measured beside it. Charles translated his own Ethiopic text (1906), which is not on this disk; his 1912 note, held here as the OCR text of a scan, gives the singular to his manuscript group α less one manuscript, and the place of the elect to that one and most of his group β. Charles also prints this verse and the next in four pieces, 6a, 7a, 6b, 7b; the file and this page keep them in number order.
One of the two deepest contacts with the whole Geʻez Pentateuch: four words with Genesis 1:4, ማእከለ ፡ ብርሃን ፡ ወማእከለ ፡ ጽልመት, between the light and between the darkness — tie band 1 from both sides (no other of the 5,797 rows reaches four with this verse; no other row of 1 Enoch reaches four with Genesis 1:4). The same four words stand in the Geʻez Jubilees 2:10, again band 1 both ways.
The Elect One sits on the throne of glory. Two things in this verse are Charles’s and not the Geʻez’s. Try is in his thick type, an emendation: the Geʻez has and he will choose their works, which his notes call a corruption. And where his English has Mine elect ones, both Geʻez texts held have the singular, my Elect One.
The Head of Days, his head like white wool; and with him another, with the appearance of a man. Measured: these five words, Head of Days, and his head like wool, recur at 71:10 — tie band 1 from both sides across all 1,062 Geʻez rows of the book (six words if the letter series are folded). Daniel 7:9 in the Ethiopic Daniel, read off Löfgren’s page, calls the figure ብሉየ ፡ መዋዕል, the Ancient of Days; the whole verse, as read, shares with this one no more than two consecutive words, ከመ ፡ ፀምር (like wool).
The first Son of Man in 1 Enoch — and the wording is ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ, walda sabʾ, with the demonstrative that. Angel is again Charles’s thick type: the Geʻez asks one of the angels.
The second: this is the son of man. Charles’s capitals are uneven here (son of Man); the Geʻez has the same two words as 46:2. The host transcription had dropped this verse’s numeral; it was restored from the 1912 scan.
The third — and a verse Charles marked corrupt. The daggers round raise up are his: the Geʻez reads ያነሥኦሙ, he raises them, and his 1912 notes take it for a corruption of put down, pointing to 46:5, which says it. The square brackets are his judgement of an interpolation.
The only throne of glory in chapters 46–48 is the Head of Days’. In these chapters the Son of Man is named, chosen, hidden and worshipped (48:2–6), but he is not said to sit; the verses where Charles’s English seats the Son of Man on the throne of his glory are 62:5, 69:27 and 69:29. The books opened sit beside Daniel 7:10 and Revelation 20:12 in Stage 4.
The fourth and last Son of Man in these chapters, again walda sabʾ with that. All four in 37–57 use this one wording; the book uses it once more (60:10, where it is how the seer himself is addressed) and never again.
As lead in the water: three consecutive words with Exodus 15:10 in Dillmann’s Geʻez, ከመ ፡ ዐረር ፡ ውስተ ፡ ማይ ፡ ብዙኅ, the Song of the Sea — tie band 1 from both sides. The run stops at and like / like, one prefix apart.
His Anointed — the first of only two in the whole book (48:10, 52:4). In English the Lord and His Anointed stand together as in Psalm 2:2. In Geʻez it is the page’s plainest counter-example: Ludolf’s Psalter has ወላዕለ ፡ መሲሑ, and against his Anointed, and against the whole of that verse this one shares a single word — earth.
Charles: My throne. Both Geʻez texts held: his throne. Pour is his thick type as well. And in the printing he moves the start of 51:5 — the Elect One shall arise — up before 51:2; Dillmann’s Geʻez has it where the numbering puts it, after 51:4.
Counted: six metal mountains — iron, copper, silver, gold, soft metal, lead — in the English and in the Geʻez (six times ደብረ, mountain of), here and again at 52:6. Charles’s chapter heading calls them seven; the transcription’s footnote says only six are named, and points to his note. His 1912 note on 52:2 explains the seven: he held that a seventh mountain, of tin, has dropped out of the text, comparing 67:4, where the mountains are of gold, silver, iron, soft metal and tin. The text as held names six.
Inside the section Charles heads Noachic Fragment (54:7–55:2). The Head of Days repented; Genesis 6:6 in Geʻez has ወነስሐ ፡ እግዚአብሔር. Same verb, same sense — and zero shared forms, because one carries the prefix wa-. Against Genesis 6–9 the whole fragment reaches two words at most.
The other four-word contact with the Pentateuch: Deuteronomy 28:11 in Dillmann’s Geʻez, ከመ ፡ መዋዕለ ፡ ሰማይ ፡ ዲበ ፡ ምድር, as the days of heaven upon the earth — tie band 1 from both sides, and the same four in Jubilees 19:27. The CATSS Greek of Deuteronomy 28:11 has no such phrase; the Greek has it at 11:21. The sign set in heaven shares no two consecutive words with Genesis 9:13.
The text closes its own panel. And this is the end of the second Parable — the fourth of the four parable markers in these chapters.
Versification — a third state, stated because it is not the usual one. There is no Masoretic, no Septuagint, no KJV, no ESV and no Vulgate 1 Enoch: the shelf’s King James loader raises on 1 Enoch rather than return nothing, and the Clementine Vulgate on this disk has no such book. No Greek of chapters 37–71 is held (the Greek on disk covers parts of 1–32, 77–78, 85–87, 89, 97–104 and 106–107), so there is no Greek shape either.
Charles’s English: 135 verses — 5, 6, 14, 10, 9, 3, 4, 1, 6, 8, 4, 10, 4, 5, 5, 9, 7, 10, 4, 8, 3 for chapters 37 to 57. Dillmann’s Geʻez: 135 rows, the same counts — but its verse numbers are Charles’s, laid onto it: the digitisation prints none, and each verse start was fixed by Dillmann’s own full stops checked against the verse division of the modern printed Ethiopian Orthodox (EOTC) text. In this range 112 of the 114 starts that are not chapter openings rest on both; two, 40:2 and 41:7, rest on Dillmann’s stops alone. The EOTC text itself has the same 135-verse shape, chapter by chapter. Agreement of count is not agreement of division: Dillmann’s 51:5 begins with their faces shine with joy, a clause Charles’s English ends 51:4 with. A Geʻez run may drift by a clause at a boundary, and the page says so where it matters.
Charles also prints out of number order — 39:6a, 7a, 6b, 7b, and 51:1, 5a, 2–4, 5b–d — and treats chapter 44 as one unnumbered verse; the file, and this page, use number order. Every verse number on this page is Charles’s.
The Shape of the Passage
Two parables in sequence, with a sevenfold question (counted)⚠️ Where this page sits. 1 Enoch is filed here under Pseudepigrapha & Second Temple. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church’s printed Bible carries it — Beta masaheft’s second edition of these chapters is labelled Text of the EOTC printed Bible. It is not Scripture for us, and it is not deuterocanonical; nothing taught at Pleasant Springs rests on it.
Author
Anonymous, and writing as Enoch. The heading names him with his whole line — “Enoch the son of Jared, the son of Mahalalel, the son of Cainan, the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam” — and the seer says I throughout: he is carried off (39:3, 52:1), he looks, and he asks.
Dated by Charles (1912) to between 94 and 64 BC, arguing from the kings and the mighty who shed the blood of the righteous and from the absence of Rome; within those bounds he narrowed it to 94–79 or 70–64, and on balance to 94–79, using the Parthians and Medes of 56:5 in a passage he took for an interpolation. He held 54:7–55:2 to be part of an older Book of Noah worked in. Nothing on this page tests the date. A fact that bears on the argument is checked instead: none of the 42 Aramaic fragments or columns from Qumran placed to Charles’s verses in the transcriptions held here falls in chapters 37–71. That is a fact about those manuscripts. It is not a date.
Audience
Readers who felt the weight of kings. Kings stands in eight of these 135 verses, in the English and in the Geʻez alike; the kings and the mighty four times (38:5, 46:4, 53:5, 54:2). They deny the Lord of Spirits, persecute the houses of His congregations (46:8), and are handed over to the elect.
Readers who wanted to know who would judge. The chapters answer in titles — the Righteous One, the Elect One, the Son of Man, His Anointed — and Stage 3 counts all but the Righteous One.
Who these readers were, the chapters do not say, and this page does not guess.
Orient on 1 Enoch, the Parables, and the titles they use.
Search by topic: Enoch, First Book of; Parables (Similitudes) of Enoch; Son of Man; Elect One; Messiah; Ethiopic (Geʻez) versions of the Bible; Qumran Aramaic Enoch.
Which articles are relevant?
- Anchor Bible Dictionary — its articles on 1 Enoch, on the Son of Man and on the Ethiopic versions.
- Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism — its entries on the Enoch literature and on messianism.
- Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (IVP) — its article on the Son of Man, for how the Gospel title is read alongside Daniel 7 and the Parables.
- On the language question — any article that discusses the three Ethiopic renderings of ‘son of man’ in the Parables. An article that cites 1 Enoch 46 in English as though the Ethiopic had one phrase there and in Daniel is not usable for this page’s question.
Bibliography surfaced:
- R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch, or 1 Enoch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912) — the translation quoted here, and the notes and introduction this page checks.
- A. Dillmann, Liber Henoch aethiopice (Leipzig, 1851) — the Geʻez measured here.
- George W. E. Nickelsburg and James C. VanderKam, 1 Enoch 2 (Hermeneia, 2012) — the commentary on chapters 37–82.
- Michael A. Knibb, The Ethiopic Book of Enoch (Oxford, 1978); Matthew Black, The Book of Enoch or I Enoch (Brill, 1985).
- Gabriele Boccaccini (ed.), Enoch and the Messiah Son of Man (Eerdmans, 2007); Darrell L. Bock and James H. Charlesworth (eds.), Parables of Enoch: A Paradigm Shift (T&T Clark, 2013).
Daniel 7 in three languages, the Psalms, Exodus 15, and what Qumran has and has not.
English renderings of Bible phrases in this stage and the next are this page’s literal glosses, marked lit.; no ESV text of these chapters is cached on this disk and none is printed.
Which parallels shed light on the world of the text?
Daniel 7 is the parallel Charles reached for: his 1912 note on 46:1 says that here “Daniel 7 has been laid under contribution” and that ‘Head of Days’ and ‘Son of Man’ are drawn from it. That is his reading, reported; the page asserts no direction. What can be set side by side is the wording, in three languages:
| the figure on the throne | the one who comes | |
|---|---|---|
| Daniel 7:9, 13, Masoretic (Aramaic) | וְעַתִּ֥יק יוֹמִ֖ין lit. and one advanced in days | כְּבַ֥ר אֱנָ֖שׁ lit. like a son of man |
| Daniel 7:9, 13, CATSS Greek (Theodotion) | παλαιὸς ἡμερῶν ἐκάθητο lit. one old of days sat | ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενος ἦν lit. one like a son of man was coming |
| Daniel 7:9, 13, CATSS Greek (Old Greek) | παλαιὸς ἡμερῶν ἐκάθητο | ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἤρχετο |
| Daniel 7:9, 13, Geʻez (Löfgren 1927, read off the page images) | ብሉየ ፡ መዋዕል lit. old of days | ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመ ፡ ሕያው lit. son of the offspring of the mother of the living, after a word for like |
| 1 Enoch 46:1–2, Geʻez (Dillmann) | ርእሰ ፡ መዋዕል lit. head of days | ዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ lit. that son of man |
In Geʻez, 46:1–2 shares neither title with the Ethiopic Daniel. Both say of days; Daniel’s figure is old, Enoch’s is the head. Run against the whole of Daniel 7:13 as read, each of the four Son-of-Man verses of 46–48 has a longest run of one word — walda, son (46:2 and 48:2 also have days, elsewhere in the verse) — where 62:7 has a run of two, walda ʾəgwāla. And Löfgren prints Daniel’s last word as two (እመ ፡ ሕያው), as Dillmann’s Numbers 23:19 also does. The Ethiopic Daniel and the Ethiopic Enoch are separate translations; a difference between them is a fact about those two translations and not, by itself, about the Aramaic behind either.
Psalm 2 and Exodus 15. lit. the kings of the earth … against the Lord and against his anointed (Psalm 2:2; CATSS κατὰ τοῦ κυρίου καὶ κατὰ τοῦ χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ) is what an English reader hears in 48:8–10. lit. they sank as lead in violent water (Exodus 15:10; CATSS ἔδυσαν ὡσεὶ μόλιβος ἐν ὕδατι σφοδρῷ) is what one hears in 48:9. Stage 4 measures both in Geʻez, and they come out very differently.
Qumran. The Aramaic manuscripts of Enoch held here — eleven of them, 4Q201–202 and 4Q204–212, 788 lines — carry, among the 42 fragments or columns the witness file places to Charles’s verses, parts of chapters 1–36, 76–79, 82, 86, 88–89, 91–94 and 104–107, and nothing of 37–71. The page did not read the unplaced lines. The absence is a fact about these manuscripts; what it means for the date is argued in the literature and not here.
- The Book of Noah — Charles (1912) held that chapters 6–11, 54:7–55:2, 60, 65–69:25 and 106–107 belonged originally to a Book of Noah. His judgement, shown here only through his heading and the bracketed row in the diagram.
- Wisdom without a home (42:1–3) — set beside Proverbs 1 and 8, Sirach 24 and Baruch 3:9–4:4, where wisdom is given a dwelling. Named, not measured.
- The Parthians and Medes (56:5) — the only nations named in these chapters. Charles read them as the only great world powers the writer of 56:5–8 feared — a passage he took for an interpolation, written before 64 BC — and used it in narrowing his date to 94–79 BC.
Five titles, counted in two languages.
Counts are over Dillmann’s digitised Geʻez (1,062 rows), split into word forms as written; a count includes every prefixed form of the word and says so. English counts are over Charles’s text. They are counts over these files, not over ‘the Ethiopic Bible’.
Four times in these chapters (46:2, 46:3, 46:4, 48:2), and once more in the book (60:10, the seer addressed). In three of the four a demonstrative stands before the title (that at 46:2 and 48:2, this at 46:4); at 46:3 the word before it is the copula — this is the son of man — as Charles’s note on 46:3 reads it. The book’s other two wordings, walda bəʾəsi (69:29 twice, 71:14) and walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw (eight verses, 62:7 to 71:17), never occur before chapter 62. None of the three occurs anywhere in the Geʻez Genesis to Deuteronomy or Jubilees.
After the Lord of Spirits, the commonest title here: in 11 of the 135 verses, 12 times (40:5, 45:3 twice, 45:4, 49:2, 49:4, 51:3, 51:5, 52:6, 52:9, 53:6, 55:4), counting the title in every singular form with or without the prefixes la- and wa-, the accusative included — but not 48:6, where the same singular word is the predicate, he was chosen. Charles’s English has Elect One in 12 verses: the extra one is 39:6, where the Geʻez is plural, and at 45:3 his second is plural where the Geʻez is not. The plural, the elect, is everywhere else — and at 56:3–4 their elect and beloved are the ones cast into the valley.
61 times in 50 of these 135 verses — every chapter but 42, 44 and 56 — and 103 times in the whole book, every one of them in chapters 37–71. Charles’s English: 62 times in 51 verses here, 105 in 84 in the whole book; the extra verse here is 40:10, where the Geʻez has God the Most High. The count includes 52:9, where the digitisation misspells the first word.
Five verses here (46:1, 46:2, 47:3, 48:2, 55:1) and ten in the whole book, all in chapters 46–71. Charles’s note: it means ‘the sum of days’, the Everlasting. The Ethiopic Daniel 7:9 and 7:13, as read here, say ብሉየ ፡ መዋዕል.
Twice in the whole book: 48:10 and 52:4, both here, both with his. At 52:4 the mountains serve the dominion of His Anointed; at 52:6 they melt before the Elect One.
Counted here, not assumed:
- 2,270 Geʻez word forms in the 135 verses, about seventeen a verse.
- Phanuel, the fourth presence, is named five times in the book — 40:9, 54:6, 71:8, 71:9, 71:13 — and only in the Parables; in both languages.
- Azazel is named at 54:5 and 55:4 here, and elsewhere in the book at 8:1, 9:6, 10:4, 10:8, 13:1 and 69:2.
- Charles’s own marks in these 135 verses: ten spans in square brackets, his interpolation judgement (one runs from 39:1 into 39:2); daggers in five verses (39:1, 39:7, 46:4, 46:7, 55:4); and eleven words or phrases in thick type, his emendations, in ten verses (37:4, 38:4, 40:6 twice, 45:3, 46:2, 47:4, 51:3, 53:2, 54:10, 55:3). Two of his verses, 39:1 and 51:4, carry signs this page could not check against a page image, and neither is quoted.
One English title, three Geʻez wordings; and a vocabulary of its own.
Four measurements and a reading. (1) Every son-of-man expression in the Geʻez of 1 Enoch, in two editions. (2) What the Ethiopic Bible itself has at the same title — read where no text could be measured. (3) The Geʻez of these chapters screened against the Geʻez Pentateuch, Jubilees, the Third Parable and the rest of the book. (4) Where Charles’s English and the Geʻez part company. Then the New Testament, named and not measured.
1. The three wordings — every one in the book, in two Geʻez editions.
In Charles’s English one phrase, ‘son of man’, stands in sixteen verses. In Dillmann’s Geʻez the same sixteen verses carry three wordings, sixteen times (69:29 has two), and at 62:5 a fourth form — seventeen in all:
| 1 Enoch | Dillmann’s Geʻez (the word before, and the expression) | wording | the EOTC printed text (measured, not printed) | Charles’s English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46:2 | ዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ | walda sabʾ | same wording | “concerning that Son of Man” |
| 46:3 | ውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ | walda sabʾ | same wording | “This is the son of Man” |
| 46:4 | ወዝንቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ | walda sabʾ | same wording | “this Son of Man” |
| 48:2 | ዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ | walda sabʾ | same wording | “that Son of Man was named” |
| 60:10 | አንተ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ሰብእ | walda sabʾ | same wording | “Thou son of man” |
| 62:5 | ለዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ብእሲት | walda bəʾəsit | same wording | “When they see that Son of Man” |
| 62:7 | ኮነ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ) | “the Son of Man was hidden” |
| 62:9 | ለዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ) | “upon that Son of Man” |
| 62:14 | ዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ) | “with that Son of Man” |
| 63:11 | ዝኩ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ) | “before that Son of Man” |
| 69:26 | ለውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ); the EOTC has the prefix la- here; Dillmann has none | “the name of that Son of Man” |
| 69:27 | ሎቱ ፡ ለወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እምሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ); Dillmann spells the last word with -m-; the EOTC as at the other places | “given unto the Son of Man” |
| 69:29 | ውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ብእሲ | walda bəʾəsi | same wording | “For that Son of Man has appeared” |
| 69:29 | ለውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ብእሲ | walda bəʾəsi | same wording | (the second, in the same verse) |
| 70:1 | ለውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ) | “to that Son of Man” |
| 71:14 | አንተ ፡ ውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ ብእሲ | walda bəʾəsi | same wording | “This is the Son of Man” — Charles’s thick type: the Geʻez says thou art |
| 71:17 | ውእቱ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw | same wording — the EOTC spells the middle word with ʿ (ዕ) for ʾ (እ) | “with that Son of Man” |
The distribution is not spread through the Parables; it is clustered. Walda sabʾ holds 46:2–48:2 and the address at 60:10; walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw begins at 62:7; walda bəʾəsi appears only at 69:29 and 71:14. The modern EOTC printed text has the same wording at every one of the seventeen places — so this is not one digitisation’s accident. At 62:5 both read son of a woman (ወልደ ፡ ብእሲት), where Charles’s 1912 list of the renderings has walda b’ési.
Charles saw all of this in 1912. He listed the three renderings, reported Nathaniel Schmidt’s argument (in the Harper memorial volume, Old Testament and Semitic Studies) that they answer to three different Aramaic phrases and prove a translation straight from Aramaic, and rejected it: in his view all three render one Greek phrase, the Gospels’ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, and the variation is the translator’s. Neither position can be tested here — no Greek or Aramaic of these chapters survives on this disk. What the page can do is recount his evidence, and it holds verse for verse except at 62:5 — and there his own 1912 note records that manuscript m and his β group read Son of the woman, as Dillmann and the EOTC do: a variant he reported, not a slip.
2. What the Ethiopic Bible has at the same title, at six verses — read, not screened.
Charles also wrote that the full form walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw renders ‘son of man’ in Daniel 7:13 and Psalm 80:17, about ninety times in Ezekiel, in Revelation 1:13 and 14:14, and always in the Gospels. Five of those places could be looked at:
| place | source | the Geʻez | the Greek |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daniel 7:13 | Löfgren 1927, p. 51 — page image | ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመ ፡ ሕያው | ὡς υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου |
| Psalm 79:16, 79:18 (80:15, 17 in English) | Ludolf 1701 — digitised text | በወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው (both verses) | ἐπὶ υἱὸν ἀνθρώπου |
| Matthew 19:28 | Platt 1830 — page image | ይነብር ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | ὅταν καθίσῃ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου |
| Matthew 25:31 | Platt 1830 — page image | ይመጽእ ፡ ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው | Ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου |
| John 5:27 | Platt 1830 — page image | ወልደ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመሕያው ፡ ውእቱ | ὅτι υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν |
Every one of the five reads walda ʾəgwāla ʾəmma-ḥəyāw (Löfgren with the last word printed as two). None reads walda sabʾ, the only wording chapters 46–48 use. And in Dillmann’s Numbers 23:19 the Greek υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου is ከመ ፡ እጓለ ፡ እመ ፡ ሕያው — without walda — as Charles said. Scope: six verses checked — five of the many places Charles names, and Psalm 79:16 beside them; Ezekiel and Revelation are not held in Geʻez, and his ‘always in the Gospels’ is confirmed at three verses only. The image readings are recorded word for word, with the file each was read from, beside the page.
It shows that an English reader and a Geʻez reader meet this figure differently. In English, 1 Enoch 46–48, Daniel 7:13 and the Gospels share a title. In the Ethiopic verses read for this page (one Daniel verse, two Psalter verses, three Gospel verses) the Gospels share it with Daniel and the Psalter, and with 1 Enoch from chapter 62 on — not with chapters 46–48.
It does not show why. Not whether the Greek behind these chapters had one phrase or several, not whether one Ethiopic translator or more worked on the book, and not what the writer meant. Charles and Schmidt each had an answer; the evidence that would decide between them is not on this disk.
3. Geʻez against Geʻez: the distribution first.
The normalisation, declared. Words are split on the Geʻez divider and on spaces; the full stop, the other Ethiopic punctuation and any bracket are removed; every word form is kept exactly as written, so and-like and like are different words. A run is consecutive identical forms. 0 means the verse shares no two consecutive forms with any row. Folding the letter series these digitisations spell inconsistently (ሀ/ሐ/ኀ, ሰ/ሠ, አ/ዐ, ጸ/ፀ) changes one depth in the Pentateuch screen (41:2, from 0 to 2) and one in the Third Parable (46:1, 5 to 6), and no depth anywhere else; every number below is unfolded.
The 135 verses, 2,270 word forms, against five targets:
| target | rows | no two words | reach 2 | reach 3 | reach 4 | reach 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geʻez Genesis | 1,526 | 71 | 64 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Geʻez Genesis–Deuteronomy | 5,797 | 44 | 91 | 8 | 2 | 0 |
| Geʻez Jubilees (measured only) | 1,308 | 64 | 71 | 4 | 2 | 0 |
| the Third Parable, 1 Enoch 58–71 | 160 | 29 | 106 | 44 | 14 | 2 |
| the rest of 1 Enoch, 1–36 and 72–108 | 767 | 34 | 101 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
Against the Geʻez Genesis the median verse shares no two consecutive words. Against all five books of Moses, two verses reach four. Against the 160 verses of the Third Parable, fourteen reach four or more; against the 767 verses of the rest of the book — four and a half times as much text — none does. Part of that is the title the two Parables share, the Lord of Spirits; but break every run at the word spirits (no run may cross it) and the Third Parable still gives ten verses at four or more, and the rest of the book still none. Measured in Geʻez, the only language they are held in, these chapters speak the idiom of the Parables, and very little of anyone else’s.
The deepest single contact inside the book is 46:1 with 71:10 — five words, the Head of Days whose head is like wool, tie band 1 from both sides.
Every run of three or more outside the book — with the tie band from both sides:
| 1 Enoch | partner | run | band, Enoch side (target rows at that depth) | band, partner side (Enoch rows at that depth, of 1,062) | what it is |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 41:8 | Genesis 1:4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | between the light and the darkness |
| 55:2 | Deuteronomy 28:11 | 4 | 1 | 1 | the days of heaven upon the earth — a phrase the Greek has at 11:21, not 28:11 |
| 41:8 | Jubilees 2:10 | 4 | 1 | 1 | the same four words as Genesis 1:4 |
| 55:2 | Jubilees 19:27 | 4 | 1 | 1 | the same four as Deuteronomy 28:11 |
| 48:9 | Exodus 15:10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | lead in the water |
| 52:1 | Deuteronomy 18:6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | in that place where — band 1 both ways, and a commonplace |
| 48:8 | Genesis 6:4 | 3 | 1 | 2 (with 9:8) | and in those days there were — a formula |
| 55:1 | Numbers 33:52, Deuteronomy 13:14, Genesis 36:20 | 3 | 3 | 3 | all who dwell (on) — a formula |
| 52:3 | Exodus 6:28 and three more | 3 | 4 | 2 | these are they who — a formula |
| 57:2 | Deuteronomy 28:64 | 3 | 1 | 5 | (the ends of) the earth to the ends of — a formula |
| 41:6 | Jubilees 25:12 | 3 | 1 | 1 | his name for ever and ever — a doxology’s close |
| 42:2 | Jubilees 10:8 | 3 | 1 | 2 (with 75:2) | among the children of men — the plural of son of man, as an idiom |
These are all twelve: every verse of 37–57 that reaches three or more against the Geʻez Pentateuch or Jubilees, with its partner. Three meet a verse that shares the picture as well as the words: creation’s division of light from darkness, the Song of the Sea’s lead in the water, Deuteronomy’s days of heaven. Four are formulas — in those days there were, all who dwell, these are they who, the earth to the ends of — and are not read as contact. And 52:1 with Deuteronomy 18:6, in that place where, has band 1 from both sides and is a commonplace: at a depth of three, a band of 1 does not by itself tell contact from coincidence — which is as true of the lead in the water as of this.
The page’s own counter-examples. 48:10 sounds like Psalm 2:2 in Charles’s English and shares one word with it in Geʻez (48:8 has a run of two, kings of the earth). 55:1 and Genesis 6:6 both say God repented, and share no form. 46:1 sounds like Daniel 7:9 in English and shares two consecutive words (three in all) with the Ethiopic Daniel. The Noachic fragment, 54:7–55:2, retells the flood and reaches no more than two words with any verse of Genesis 6–9. Depth is not contact, and its absence is not independence: a word-form screen cannot see a prefix change, a synonym or a second translator.
All 135 verses — the deepest Geʻez run against each target, with its tie band (click to open)
A run is consecutive identical word forms; the band is how many target rows reach that depth. 0 means no two consecutive forms shared with any row. Partners in Jubilees and in 1 Enoch are not named here; the Jubilees Geʻez is measurement substrate only.
| 1 Enoch | Geʻez Genesis–Deuteronomy run · band · partner(s) | Geʻez Jubilees run · band | the Third Parable, 58–71 run · band | the rest of 1 Enoch run · band |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 37:2 | 2 · 1 · Lev 25:45 | 0 · 0 | 4 · 4 | 2 · 2 |
| 37:3 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 37:4 | 2 · 8 · Gen 15:16, Gen 18:12 +6 | 2 · 1 | 4 · 1 | 2 · 3 |
| 37:5 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 38:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 38:2 | 2 · 1 · Gen 4:20 | 0 · 0 | 4 · 1 | 3 · 1 |
| 38:3 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 | 0 · 0 |
| 38:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 4 |
| 38:5 | 2 · 3 · Lev 26:25, Lev 26:46 +1 | 2 · 9 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 7 |
| 38:6 | 2 · 1 · Gen 47:18 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 39:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 2 · 13 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 8 |
| 39:2 | 0 · 0 · — | 2 · 1 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 2 |
| 39:3 | 2 · 1 · Exod 38:7 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 1 |
| 39:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 7 |
| 39:5 | 2 · 96 · Gen 1:22, Gen 1:25 +94 | 2 · 58 | 2 · 11 | 2 · 22 |
| 39:6 | 2 · 2 · Gen 6:4, Exod 19:9 | 2 · 10 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 4 |
| 39:7 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 32 | 2 · 1 |
| 39:8 | 2 · 3 · Gen 38:10, Exod 16:34 +1 | 2 · 8 | 3 · 9 | 2 · 2 |
| 39:9 | 2 · 10 · Num 35:33, Deut 1:38 +8 | 2 · 6 | 2 · 11 | 2 · 5 |
| 39:10 | 2 · 13 · Gen 43:28, Exod 33:1 +11 | 2 · 10 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 5 |
| 39:11 | 2 · 7 · Gen 15:2, Gen 22:7 +5 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 3 |
| 39:12 | 2 · 4 · Num 13:32, Num 16:34 +2 | 2 · 9 | 2 · 24 | 2 · 1 |
| 39:13 | 2 · 2 · Gen 26:29, Exod 19:9 | 2 · 7 | 2 · 12 | 2 · 3 |
| 39:14 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 40:1 | 2 · 3 · Deut 18:7, Deut 27:12 +1 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 23 | 2 · 1 |
| 40:2 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 10 | 0 · 0 |
| 40:3 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 4 |
| 40:4 | 2 · 1 · Exod 19:9 | 2 · 6 | 4 · 2 | 2 · 2 |
| 40:5 | 2 · 1 · Gen 3:10 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 40:6 | 2 · 4 · Gen 3:10, Gen 4:20 +2 | 0 · 0 | 4 · 1 | 2 · 1 |
| 40:7 | 2 · 2 · Gen 3:10, Lev 25:45 | 0 · 0 | 4 · 4 | 2 · 1 |
| 40:8 | 2 · 1 · Deut 5:25 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 1 |
| 40:9 | 2 · 8 · Exod 7:19, Exod 8:12 +6 | 2 · 5 | 2 · 6 | 2 · 5 |
| 40:10 | 2 · 22 · Gen 14:18, Gen 14:19 +20 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 41:1 | 2 · 2 · Gen 6:2, Gen 31:12 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 2 |
| 41:2 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 22 | 2 · 1 |
| 41:3 | 2 · 39 · Gen 1:11, Gen 1:14 +37 | 2 · 35 | 2 · 8 | 2 · 42 |
| 41:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 7 |
| 41:5 | 2 · 8 · Gen 11:3, Gen 11:7 +6 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 |
| 41:6 | 2 · 1 · Exod 19:9 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 29 | 2 · 2 |
| 41:7 | 2 · 5 · Lev 25:4, Deut 12:18 +3 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 9 | 2 · 2 |
| 41:8 | 4 · 1 · Gen 1:4 | 4 · 1 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 1 |
| 41:9 | 2 · 1 · Gen 24:40 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 42:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 42:2 | 2 · 2 · Gen 19:9, Lev 13:37 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 8 |
| 42:3 | 2 · 1 · Deut 32:2 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 43:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 11 |
| 43:2 | 2 · 1 · Gen 24:48 | 2 · 3 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 43:3 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 | 0 · 0 |
| 43:4 | 2 · 23 · Gen 6:10, Gen 10:31 +21 | 2 · 6 | 5 · 2 | 2 · 4 |
| 44:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 45:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 1 |
| 45:2 | 0 · 0 · — | 2 · 2 | 2 · 10 | 2 · 2 |
| 45:3 | 2 · 32 · Gen 7:11, Gen 26:32 +30 | 2 · 6 | 2 · 5 | 2 · 7 |
| 45:4 | 2 · 3 · Gen 7:13, Gen 15:18 +1 | 2 · 4 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 10 |
| 45:5 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 |
| 45:6 | 2 · 52 · Gen 6:7, Gen 8:8 +50 | 2 · 6 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 4 |
| 46:1 | 2 · 2 · Lev 13:43, Num 11:7 | 2 · 2 | 5 · 1 | 3 · 1 |
| 46:2 | 2 · 2 · Gen 24:65, Exod 5:2 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 11 | 2 · 5 |
| 46:3 | 2 · 59 · Gen 2:23, Gen 9:12 +57 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 9 | 2 · 7 |
| 46:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 46:5 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 46:6 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 10 | 0 · 0 |
| 46:7 | 2 · 9 · Gen 6:4, Exod 32:13 +7 | 2 · 4 | 2 · 20 | 2 · 2 |
| 46:8 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 3 · 4 | 0 · 0 |
| 47:1 | 2 · 18 · Gen 2:6, Gen 2:9 +16 | 2 · 10 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 3 |
| 47:2 | 2 · 28 · Gen 19:25, Gen 34:30 +26 | 2 · 3 | 3 · 10 | 2 · 6 |
| 47:3 | 2 · 1 · Exod 14:28 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 4 | 2 · 12 |
| 47:4 | 2 · 1 · Deut 32:35 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 9 | 2 · 3 |
| 48:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 3 |
| 48:2 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 3 · 3 | 2 · 1 |
| 48:3 | 2 · 4 · Exod 32:13, Deut 1:10 +2 | 2 · 4 | 3 · 9 | 2 · 4 |
| 48:4 | 2 · 2 · Gen 42:2, Gen 47:6 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 1 |
| 48:5 | 2 · 16 · Gen 4:20, Gen 19:25 +14 | 2 · 12 | 4 · 1 | 3 · 1 |
| 48:6 | 2 · 2 · Gen 2:5, Deut 23:4 | 2 · 8 | 4 · 1 | 3 · 1 |
| 48:7 | 2 · 4 · Num 32:42, Deut 10:8 +2 | 2 · 1 | 3 · 4 | 2 · 1 |
| 48:8 | 3 · 1 · Gen 6:4 | 2 · 5 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 3 |
| 48:9 | 3 · 1 · Exod 15:10 | 2 · 4 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 3 |
| 48:10 | 2 · 3 · Gen 4:14, Gen 6:12 +1 | 2 · 20 | 4 · 1 | 2 · 14 |
| 49:1 | 2 · 5 · Gen 49:4, Exod 19:9 +3 | 2 · 6 | 2 · 10 | 2 · 4 |
| 49:2 | 2 · 5 · Gen 49:3, Exod 3:15 +3 | 2 · 9 | 3 · 10 | 2 · 6 |
| 49:3 | 2 · 1 · Deut 34:9 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 49:4 | 2 · 1 · Deut 10:4 | 2 · 4 | 3 · 9 | 2 · 3 |
| 50:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 4 | 2 · 12 |
| 50:2 | 2 · 1 · Num 9:15 | 2 · 1 | 3 · 4 | 2 · 1 |
| 50:3 | 2 · 1 · Gen 36:7 | 2 · 2 | 3 · 10 | 2 · 5 |
| 50:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 50:5 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 51:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 12 |
| 51:2 | 2 · 8 · Gen 47:26, Exod 16:4 +6 | 2 · 5 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 |
| 51:3 | 2 · 3 · Gen 21:22, Gen 38:1 +1 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 7 |
| 51:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 2 · 3 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 13 |
| 51:5 | 2 · 3 · Gen 21:22, Gen 38:1 +1 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 7 |
| 52:1 | 3 · 1 · Deut 18:6 | 2 · 5 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 3 |
| 52:2 | 2 · 3 · Gen 4:14, Gen 6:12 +1 | 2 · 19 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 14 |
| 52:3 | 3 · 4 · Exod 6:28, Num 26:9 +2 | 2 · 2 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 6 |
| 52:4 | 2 · 36 · Gen 1:11, Gen 1:14 +34 | 2 · 35 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 36 |
| 52:5 | 2 · 27 · Gen 8:15, Gen 9:8 +25 | 2 · 14 | 2 · 25 | 3 · 1 |
| 52:6 | 2 · 3 · Gen 25:4, Exod 26:7 +1 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 |
| 52:7 | 2 · 3 · Gen 21:22, Gen 38:1 +1 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 7 |
| 52:8 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 52:9 | 2 · 4 · Gen 6:7, Gen 8:8 +2 | 2 · 5 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 4 |
| 53:1 | 2 · 4 · Gen 4:20, Gen 23:10 +2 | 2 · 9 | 4 · 1 | 3 · 1 |
| 53:2 | 2 · 1 · Exod 19:9 | 2 · 6 | 2 · 18 | 2 · 2 |
| 53:3 | 2 · 1 · Num 13:21 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 53:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 53:5 | 2 · 11 · Gen 8:10, Gen 13:6 +9 | 2 · 8 | 2 · 2 | 0 · 0 |
| 53:6 | 2 · 13 · Gen 10:18, Gen 15:1 +11 | 2 · 2 | 3 · 4 | 2 · 1 |
| 53:7 | 2 · 2 · Gen 26:19, Lev 27:21 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 1 |
| 54:1 | 2 · 10 · Gen 7:23, Gen 8:7 +8 | 2 · 4 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 6 |
| 54:2 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 1 |
| 54:3 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 54:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 0 · 0 |
| 54:5 | 2 · 5 · Gen 7:16, Exod 8:8 +3 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 22 | 2 · 3 |
| 54:6 | 2 · 32 · Gen 7:11, Gen 26:32 +30 | 2 · 9 | 4 · 6 | 2 · 14 |
| 54:7 | 2 · 1 · Gen 6:4 | 2 · 4 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 2 |
| 54:8 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 | 0 · 0 |
| 54:9 | 2 · 9 · Gen 4:20, Exod 30:13 +7 | 0 · 0 | 4 · 1 | 3 · 1 |
| 54:10 | 2 · 3 · Gen 4:14, Gen 6:12 +1 | 2 · 19 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 14 |
| 55:1 | 3 · 3 · Gen 36:20, Num 33:52 +1 | 2 · 3 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 3 |
| 55:2 | 4 · 1 · Deut 28:11 | 4 · 1 | 3 · 1 | 2 · 51 |
| 55:3 | 2 · 13 · Gen 22:16, Exod 10:3 +11 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 22 | 2 · 1 |
| 55:4 | 2 · 1 · Exod 4:9 | 0 · 0 | 3 · 4 | 2 · 1 |
| 56:1 | 2 · 1 · Num 13:21 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 1 | 2 · 4 |
| 56:2 | 2 · 5 · Exod 33:1, Num 23:26 +3 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 2 |
| 56:3 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 56:4 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 56:5 | 2 · 1 · Exod 28:3 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 12 |
| 56:6 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 56:7 | 2 · 3 · Gen 28:7, Exod 16:15 +1 | 2 · 2 | 0 · 0 | 0 · 0 |
| 56:8 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 12 |
| 57:1 | 0 · 0 · — | 0 · 0 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 1 |
| 57:2 | 3 · 1 · Deut 28:64 | 2 · 2 | 2 · 3 | 2 · 6 |
| 57:3 | 2 · 26 · Gen 25:7, Gen 25:13 +24 | 0 · 0 | 2 · 13 | 2 · 4 |
4. Where Charles’s English and the Geʻez part company.
Charles translated his own Ethiopic text of 1906, not Dillmann’s. Where the two differ the English cannot show it, and in these chapters they differ on the titles:
- 39:6 — English the Elect One; both Geʻez texts held: the place of the elect.
- 45:3 — English Mine elect ones; both Geʻez texts held: my Elect One, singular. And try is Charles’s emendation of choose.
- 51:3 — English My throne; both Geʻez texts held: መንበሩ, his throne.
- 40:10 — English the Lord of Spirits; Dillmann’s Geʻez: ለእግዚአብሔር ፡ ልዑል, of God the Most High.
- 46:2 — English the angel, in thick type; the Geʻez: one of the angels.
The first four are manuscript differences by Charles’s own account: his 1906 text is not held, but his 1912 notes, held as the OCR text of a scan, name the manuscripts on each side at all four (at 51:3, My in his group α, His in β; at 40:10, Lord of Spirits in α, the Most High God in β; at 39:6 and 45:3 the groups divide, and the OCR is too rough to list every siglum). What the notes cannot settle here is which reading is older. The fifth, like try at 45:3, is his emendation.
The New Testament — named, never measured:
- Matthew 19:28; 25:31 — ἐπὶ θρόνου δόξης αὐτοῦ, lit. on the throne of his glory, said of the Son of Man. Beside 45:3 and 55:4 (the Elect One on the throne of glory) and 47:3 (the Head of Days on the throne of his glory). In 46–48 the one enthroned is the Head of Days.
- John 5:22, 27 — ἀλλὰ τὴν κρίσιν πᾶσαν δέδωκεν τῷ υἱῷ, lit. but all judgement he has given to the Son; and 5:27, authority to judge because he is son of man. Beside 45:3, 49:4 and 55:4.
- Luke 9:35; 23:35 — ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἐκλελεγμένος, lit. my Son, the Chosen One, and ὁ χριστὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ ἐκλεκτός. Beside the Elect One.
- Acts 3:14 — τὸν ἅγιον καὶ δίκαιον, lit. the Holy and Righteous One. Beside 38:2 and 53:6.
- Mark 14:21; Matthew 26:24 — καλὸν ἦν αὐτῷ εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη, lit. it were good for him if he had not been born. Beside 38:2.
- Revelation 20:12 — books opened before the throne. Beside 47:3 and Daniel 7:10.
There is no Greek of 1 Enoch 37–71 on this disk, so the shelf’s Greek screen against the 7,927 SBLGNT verses cannot run, and English is never run against Greek. The Ethiopic readings in §2 compare two Ethiopic translations; they cannot say what the Greek or Aramaic behind 1 Enoch read, or whether any New Testament writer knew these chapters. The page draws no line of influence in either direction.
What this page could not check, what it found, and where it is weakest.
This is the section that makes the shelf trustworthy. It is long because every column on this page is a translation, and most are digitisations of a nineteenth-century print.
⚠️ What this page could NOT check:
- Any Greek, Latin or Aramaic of chapters 37–71. None is held; the Greek screen this shelf runs on every canonical page cannot run here at all.
- Charles’s own Ethiopic text (1906) and its full apparatus. His English translates it; where it and Dillmann’s differ (39:6, 45:3, 51:3, 40:10), his 1912 notes, held only as the OCR text of a scan, name the manuscript groups on each side, and the page reports them; which reading is older it cannot resolve.
- The Ethiopic manuscripts. Dillmann’s apparatus is not digitised; the EOTC text is a second modern edition, not a manuscript. Every Geʻez agreement on this page is between editions.
- Charles’s wider claim about the Ethiopic Bible. Checked at six verses (Daniel 7:13, Psalm 79:16 and 79:18, Matthew 19:28 and 25:31, John 5:27) and at Numbers 23:19. Ezekiel and Revelation are not held in Geʻez.
- The page images. Löfgren’s pages are clean print; Platt’s are binarised scans. Every phrase read off them is a reading, not a measured corpus, and is recorded with its file beside the page (_first_enoch_37_1_57_3_geez_image_readings.tsv).
- The date. Charles’s 94–64 BC, narrowed by him to 94–79, is reported as his; nothing here tests it. The absence of 37–71 from the Qumran fragments placed in the held transcriptions is reported as a fact, and the page did not read the unplaced lines.
⚠️ Faults found in the corpora while building this page — reported, not fixed:
- 52:9 — the digitised Geʻez misspells Lord in Lord of Spirits with the wrong first letter. Counted as the title here, and said so.
- 51:4 — the English file prints all in the half-brackets that Charles uses for words found in the Gizeh Greek; there is no Greek of chapter 51, and both scans read the sign only as a bracket. Not quoted.
- 39:1 — three daggers in one verse, one unpaired. Not quoted.
- The verse boundaries are inferred. Two starts in this range (40:2, 41:7) rest on one source, and 51:5 begins a clause away from Charles’s.
⚠️ Where this page is weakest:
- The headline rests on Ethiopic wording. It is a fact about two Geʻez editions and three spot witnesses; how far back the difference goes, nothing here can say.
- The image readings are the author’s. Phrases at five verses — Daniel 7:9 and 7:13, Matthew 19:28 and 25:31, John 5:27 — were read off page images by eye, and Daniel 7:9 and 7:13 were transcribed whole for measurement. The words that carry the finding are clear on every page, but no second reader has checked them.
- The screens are lower bounds. Prefixes, spelling and line-drift all break runs; none of them can make one. A zero here is not proof of independence.
- The English is quotation, not a measured column, and old: Charles’s 1912 translation, without the notes that explain half its signs.
Commentaries & studies:
- R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch, or 1 Enoch (Oxford, 1912) — introduction pp. lxiii–lxvi and the notes on 39:6, 40:10, 45:3, 46:1–4, 51:3–4, 52:2, 56:5 and 62:5, read in the OCR text of a scan held here; The Book of Enoch (SPCK, 1917), the English quoted.
- A. Dillmann, Liber Henoch aethiopice (Leipzig, 1851), as digitised by M. Jerabek and R. HaCohen; Beta masaheft, record LIT1340EnochE, for the EOTC printed text (measured only).
- A. Dillmann, Octateuchus Aethiopicus (Leipzig, 1853–55), digitised by R. HaCohen; Beta masaheft, CC BY-SA 4.0.
- J. C. VanderKam, The Book of Jubilees: A Critical Text (1989), digitised by R. HaCohen — measured, not quoted.
- O. Löfgren, Die äthiopische Übersetzung des Propheten Daniel (Paris, 1927); T. P. Platt, Novum Testamentum … Aethiopice (London, 1830); H. Ludolf, Psalterium Davidis aethiopice et latine (Frankfurt, 1701) — all as presented on Ran HaCohen’s Biblia Aethiopica site, used under his non-commercial permission.
- Nathaniel Schmidt, his essay in Old Testament and Semitic Studies in Memory of William Rainey Harper, as Charles reports it — not consulted.
- Nickelsburg and VanderKam, 1 Enoch 2 (Hermeneia, 2012); Knibb (1978); Black (1985); Boccaccini (2007); Bock and Charlesworth (2013) — not consulted.
One title in English, three in Geʻez; and the habit of checking.
Name what you learned, why it matters, and one concrete response.
What should we carry away — and do?
- A translation can make two texts sound closer than they are. ‘Son of Man’ in 1 Enoch 46 and ‘Son of Man’ in Matthew 25 are one phrase in English and two in the Geʻez editions read here. Before you say two books use the same words, ask which language you are reading them in.
- Old scholarship can still be checked. Charles listed the three wordings in 1912; recounted in a digitised text more than a century later, his list holds at every place but one — and at that one (62:5) his own note already records the reading the digitised text has.
- Titles are not identifications. These chapters use many titles — Righteous One, Elect One, Son of Man, His Anointed — and this page counts the last three; it does not say whether they name one figure or several, or whom the writer had in mind.
- The church’s view, labelled as such: Pleasant Springs learns who the Son of Man is from the Gospels, where Jesus uses the title of himself, read with Daniel 7. 1 Enoch is read as a witness to how the title was being heard, not as a source of doctrine.
- One concrete response. Read Daniel 7:9–14 and Matthew 25:31–46 together this week, slowly, and write down what the Gospel says that Daniel does not.
1 Enoch 46:3 · to share
English (Charles)Every Deep Research page traces its passage across the whole sweep — the Old Testament, the Second-Temple world between the testaments (historical witnesses, not Scripture), and the New Testament. Follow the thread:
Pleasant Springs Church — Deep Research
Research method after Michael S. Heiser’s Bible Research Method (examine dictionaries → ancient literature → important words → textual connections → academic publications → share), with the Pleasant Springs “Author & Audience” foundation. Scripture set in the Hebrew, the Greek editions named on each page and the ESV (Old Testament), and the Greek New Testament and the ESV (New Testament), per the practice of Pleasant Springs Church. ⚠️ Status: 1 Enoch is not Scripture for Pleasant Springs and not deuterocanonical; it is filed under Pseudepigrapha & Second Temple and read as a witness. English: R. H. Charles, The Book of Enoch (Oxford, 1912; SPCK reprint 1917), public domain; transcription John Bruno Hare, sacred-texts.com (2004), corrected against scans of the 1912 and 1917 printings. Geʻez: A. Dillmann, Liber Henoch aethiopice (1851); digitised by M. Jerabek (Library of Ethiopian Texts, Prague, 1995) and R. HaCohen — used under their non-commercial permission. The EOTC printed text (Beta masaheft) and VanderKam’s Geʻez Jubilees were measured and are not quoted. Geʻez Pentateuch: Dillmann, Octateuchus Aethiopicus; digitised by Ran HaCohen; Beta masaheft, CC BY-SA 4.0. Geʻez Psalter, Daniel and Gospels: Ludolf (1701), Löfgren (1927) and Platt (1830) as presented on Ran HaCohen’s Biblia Aethiopica site — Daniel and the Gospels read off page images — used under his non-commercial permission. Hebrew/Aramaic: the Masoretic text (Miqra according to the Masorah). Greek: the CATSS morphological Septuagint; the SBLGNT. No ESV verse is printed on this page; English glosses of Bible phrases are the page’s own and marked as such. Direction of influence is nowhere asserted.
Scripture quotations marked ESV are from the ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. ESV Text Edition: 2016. Used by permission. All rights reserved. The ESV text may not be quoted in any publication made available to the public by a Creative Commons license, and the ESV may not be translated in whole or in part into any other language. www.esv.org
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